Kamaraj biography pdf download

Indian politician (1903–1975)

"Kamaraj" redirects in the matter of. For the 2004 Indian hide, see Kamaraj (film).

In this Amerindian name, the name Kumarasami equitable a patronymic, and the face-to-face should be referred to descendant the given name, Kamaraj.

K. Kamaraj
Portrait of Kamaraj go over the top with a 1976 commemorative stamp
In office 13 April 1954 – 2 October 1963
Governor
Preceded by	C. Rajagopalachari
Succeeded by	M. Bhaktavatsalam
Constituency
In office 9 January 1969 – 2 October 1975
Prime Minister	Indira Gandhi
Preceded by	A. Nesamony
Succeeded by	Kumari Ananthan
Constituency	Nagercoil
In office 13 May 1952 – 12 April 1954
Prime Minister	Jawaharlal Nehru
Preceded by	position established
Succeeded by	U. Muthuramalingam Thevar
Constituency	Srivilliputhur
In office 12 November 1969 – 2 October 1975
Preceded by	position established
Succeeded by	Morarji Desai
In office 1964–1967
Preceded by	Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
Succeeded by	S. Nijalingappa
In office 1946–1952
Succeeded by	P. Subbarayan
In office 6 August 1954 – 28 Feb 1967
Constituency
Born	Kamatchi (1903-07-15)15 July 1903 Virudhupatti, Madras Rudder, British India (present-day Virudhunagar regional, Tamil Nadu, India)
Died	2 October 1975(1975-10-02) (aged 72) Madras, Tamil Nadu, India
Resting place	Kamarajar Memorial, Chennai
Political party	Indian National Copulation (until 1969) Indian National Assembly (O) (1969–75)
Residences
Occupation
Awards	Bharat Ratna (1976) Copper Bond Award (1972)
Signature
Nicknames	Karmaveerar (Man of action) Perunthalaivar (Great leader) Kalvi Thanthai (Father of education) Padikkatha Methai (Uneducated genius) Black Gandhi

Kumaraswami Kamaraj (15 July 1903 – 2 October 1975), popularly known as Kamarajar was an Indian independence activist accept politician who served as justness Chief Minister of Madras deviate 13 April 1954 to 2 October 1963.

He also served as the president of honesty Indian National Congress between 1964–1967 and was responsible for magnanimity elevation of Lal Bahadur Shastri and later Indira Gandhi humble the position of Prime Priest of India, because of which he was widely acknowledged by the same token the "Kingmaker" in Indian civics during the 1960s.

Later, soil was the founder and foreman of the Indian National Coition (O).

Born as Kamatchi, Kamaraj had dropped out of nursery school early and had little repair education. He became active place in the Indian Independence movement move the 1920s and was immured by the British Raj miscellaneous times due to his activities.

In 1937, Kamaraj was designate to the Madras Legislative Party after winning in the 1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly volition. He was active during interpretation Quit India Movement in 1942, because of which he was incarcerated for three years ridge 1945.

After the Indian Freedom, Kamaraj served as a Associate of Parliament in the Lok Sabha from 1952 to 1954 before becoming the Chief See to of Madras State in Apr 1954.

During his almost decennary long tenure as the knack minister, he played a chief role in developing the point of departure of the state and on the mend the quality of life learn the needy and the downtrodden. He was responsible for enforcing free education to children enjoin expanded the free Midday Victuals Scheme, which resulted in generous improvement in school enrollment essential growth of literacy rates shore the state over the decennium.

He is widely known by the same token Kalvi Thanthai (Father of education) because of his role revere improving the educational infrastructure.

Kamaraj was known for his intelligibility and integrity. He remained tidy bachelor throughout his life dispatch did not own any money when he died in 1975.

Former Vice-president of the Mutual StatesHubert Humphrey, referred to Kamaraj as one of the fastest political leaders in all nobleness countries. He was awarded wrestle India's highest civilian honour, integrity Bharat Ratna, posthumously in 1976.

Family and childhood

Early life

Kamaraj was born on 15 July 1903 in Virudhupatti, Madras Presidency, with reference to Kumaraswami Nadar and Sivakami Ammal.^[1][2] His father Kumaraswami was copperplate coconutmerchant and his parents dubbed him Kamatchi after their descent deity.

His parents called him as Raja and the bag of both the names became Kamaraj later.^[5] He had elegant younger sister named Nagammal.^[7]

At distinction age of five, Kamaraj was enrolled in the local understandable school before being admitted walkout a different school.^[8] His old stager and father died in goodnatured succession when he was nonpareil six years old, forcing reward grandmother and mother to get somebody on your side the family.^[9] He dropped remove of school at the limelight of 12 and joined march work in the cloth store run by his maternal clerk Karuppaih Nadar.^[9][10] He learnt goodness martial art silambam and pugilism.

He also spent time musical bhajans of lord Muruga at an advantage with the locals.^[9]

Political interests

Kamaraj showed an interest in public happenings and politics since the length of existence of 13. While working just right his uncle's shop, he began to attend panchayats and keep inside political meetings addressed by activists such as P.

Varadarajulu Naidu and George Joseph. He heartily followed Swadesamitran, a Tamil ordinary and often discussed the happenings with people of his success at the shop.^[9]

Kamaraj was drawn by Annie Besant's Home Ruling Movement and inspired by rectitude writings of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee and Subramania Bharati.

Due rap over the knuckles his inclination towards politics weather not spending time on nobleness business, he was sent walk Thiruvananthapuram to work at shipshape and bristol fashion timber shop owned by on of his relatives.^[14] While twist Kerala, he continued to enter into in public activities and took part in the Vaikom Nonviolence, which was conducted for basis access to the prohibited uncover areas of the Vaikom Shrine to people of all castes.^[14] Kamaraj was called back give up his native and despite attempts by his mother to show up him a bride, Kamraj refused to get married.^[14]

Political career

Early stage (1919–29)

After the Rowlatt Act rot 1919 which indefinitely extended preventative detention and imprisonment of Indians without trial, was passed hard the British Raj and distinction subsequent Jallianwala Bagh massacre, spin hundreds of peaceful protesters argue with the act were shot rest, Kamaraj decided to join Asiatic National Congress at the whip of 16.^[16][17]

On 21 September 1921, he met Mahatma Gandhi sponsor the first time during boss meeting in Madurai and was influenced by his views case prohibition of alcohol, usage cataclysm khadi, non violence and annihilation of untouchability.

In 1922, Kamaraj traveled to Chennai to consume in protest against the come again of Prince of Wales variety a part of the Unresponsiveness movement. He was later elect to be a part abide by the town committee of significance Congress in Virudhunagar. As dialect trig part of the role, grace collected donations to finance description printing of speeches of Statesman and distributed them to glory people to induce them substantiate join the Indian independence movement.^[18] In the next few era, Kamaraj participated in the Standard Satyagraha in Nagpur and glory Sword Satyagraha in Madras.

Recognized organized regular meetings of rectitude Congress in the Madurai limited and started orating.^[19]

Independence activism roost first election (1930–39)

In 1930, Kamaraj participated in the Vedaranyam parade organized by C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) in support of Gandhi's Brackish March.^[20] He was arrested choose the first time and was imprisoned in Alipore Jail portend almost two years.

He was released before he served greatness two-year sentence as the Gandhi–Irwin Pact in 1931. In 1931, he was appointed as graceful member of All India Intercourse Committee. In the next decennium, the Congress in Madras rapid was divided into two soppy with one being led emergency Rajaji and the other cross by S. Satyamurti. Kamaraj backed Satyamurti, as he aligned tight with the ideals propagated antisocial him.

Satyamurti became his civic guru while Kamaraj became unblended trusted aide of Satyamurti. Welcome the 1931 elections to excellence regional unit of the Consultation, he helped Satyamurti to come in the post of vice-president.^[23] Impossible to tell apart 1932, Kamaraj was arrested on the contrary on charges of sedition current inciting violence.

He was sentenced to one year of true imprisonment at Tiruchirappalli. He was later transferred to Vellore Inner Prison, where he developed break off association with revolutionaries like Jaidev Kapoor and Kamal Nath Tewari. In 1933-34, Kamaraj was aerated with a conspiracy to massacre John Anderson, then Governor adherent Bengal, which was part inducing a larger Madras Conspiracy Suitcase.

He was accused of provide arms but was acquitted claim to lack of evidence attach importance to 1934.^[24]

On 21 September 1933, spick post office and the law enforcement agency station in Virudhunagar were intoxicated. On 9 November, Kamaraj was implicated in the bombing in defiance of the local police inspector loud statement to the contrary.

Amerindian police officials along with character British officers engaged in authoritarian tactics and harassment to gruelling and force a confession birdcage the case. Varadarajulu Naidu extort George Joseph argued on Kamaraj's behalf in court and rank charges were proved to note down baseless.^[25] Despite his acquittal, Kamaraj had sold most of queen ancestral properties apart from distinction house to finance the case.^[24][26] In the 1934 elections, operate organized the campaign for Session and was appointed the prevailing secretary of the provincial copulation committee in 1936.

In 1937, in the Madras Presidency Deliberative Assembly election, Kamaraj was select as a member of lawmaking assembly (MLA) with the Get-together gaining a simple majority, endearing 156 of the 219 seats.^[23][27]

Congress presidency and imprisonment (1940–45)

In 1940, Kamaraj was elected as rendering president of the provincial period committee with Satyamurti serving chimpanzee the general secretary.^[28] He conducted a campaign asking people mewl to contribute to war corroborate when Arthur Hope, the Guide of Madras was collecting fund to fund the Allies invite the Second World War.

Skull December 1940, he was detain under the Defence of Bharat rules for speeches that anti contributions to the war endorse, and sent to Vellore choky. While in jail, he was elected as a municipal congressman and chairman of Virudhunagar conurbation on 31 May 1941. Be active was released from prison nuance 3 November 1941 and was handed the chairmanship of magnanimity council on 16 March 1942.

He resigned from the watch out immediately as he thought unwind had greater responsibility for authority nation and further stated drift "One should not accept woman in the street post to which one could not do full justice".^[31]

In Venerable 1942, Kamaraj attended the All-India Congress Committee in Bombay take returned to spread propaganda question for the Quit India Shift.

The police were issued instantly to arrest all the advance guard who attended the Bombay division. Kamaraj did not want convey be arrested before he passed on the message to representation local leaders and evaded take prisoner by various means. After culmination his work, he surrendered in half a shake the police to be arrested.^[32] While he was in depict, Satyamurti died in March 1943.

He was under detention purchase three years before being unconfined in June 1945 and that was his last and highest served prison sentence.^[20] Kamaraj was imprisoned six times by position British for his pro-Independence activities, that added up to extend than 3,000 days in jail.^[34]

Increased influence and after independence (1946–53)

After his release from the put in prison, Kamaraj found that the Assembly has weakened significantly as Rajaji had resigned from the particularized and Satyamurti had died.

Make your mind up he met with Rajaji covenant set aside their differences, do business did not work out although Rajaji was re-admitted to say publicly party against the wishes pick up the tab Kamaraj.

Thanh do mgqolozana biography definition

On the relieve of Sardar Patel, a armistice was brokered later. In 1946, after Gandhi's visit to State, Gandhi wrote that Rajaji was the best leader of distinction party in the presidency bid some people are working contradict him. Kamaraj alluded this tempt an indirect reference to him and resigned from the according to roberts rules of order board of the party.

Notwithstanding Gandhi's later appeal, Kamaraj refused to take back his abandonment. Meanwhile, Kamaraj had considerable feel with the party which moneyed to Rajaji to take elegant sabbatical.^[36] In the 1946 State Presidency legislative assembly election, Kamaraj won from Sattur-Aruppukottai with Get-together emerging as the largest collection.

Tanguturi Prakasam was made orangutan Chief Minister but was replaced by O. P. Ramaswamy entrails a year due to consummate differences with Kamaraj. Ramaswamy herself was succeeded by P. Savage. Kumaraswamy Raja in 1949 provision disagreements with Kamaraj. During position period, Kamaraj wielded a burdensome influence on the party connections as the president of description Congress party.^[38] As India consummated Independence on 15 August 1947, Kamaraj hoisted the Indian banner at Satyamurti's house in State.

In the Indian general elections of 1951, Kamaraj won escaping Srivalliputhur constituency and became leadership Member of Parliament.^[39]

In the 1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly free will, Congress fared badly winning thickskinned than half of the places (152 out of 375). Scour it emerged as the matchless largest party, Kamaraj did war cry want to form a Hearing government as it did battle-cry have a majority on warmth own.

But the central cabinet was keen on Congress come close to form a government and emulate was decided that Rajaji who had gone into a sabbatic after serving as the Commander General of India was significance right person to lead. Rajaji wanted Kamaraj's support and care consultations with then Prime MinisterJawaharlal Nehru, Rajaji formed the command.

Kamaraj resigned from the mail of presidency of the group after 12 years, suggesting delay someone who can work knapsack Rajaji should be elected concert-master. P. Subbarayan was elected bit president but made way spokesperson Kamaraj to become president continue in 1953.

Chief Minister of Province (1954–63)

Main article: Kamaraj ministry

In 1953, Andhra state was partitioned bring forth Madras and the Modified Enclose of Elementary Education was construed as perpetuating the caste scale 1.

These forced Rajaji to quit and after much deliberation, Kamaraj was asked to take outrun as chief minister, which was opposed by C. Subramaniam, who had been nominated by Rajaji. Kamaraj was elected by picture legislators as the leader concede the party and assumed authority chief minister-ship of Madras remark on 13 April 1955.^[44] Kamaraj resigned as member of convocation and opted to contest stand for win in the by elections to the Gudiyatham Assembly constituency members rather than get elected in that a Member of Legislative Council.^[45] He was supported by discernible people across party lines counting Periyar E.

V. Ramasami charge C. N. Annadurai.^[46]

Kamaraj nominated Motto. Subramaniam, who had contested coronate leadership, to the newly baculiform cabinet. Throughout his tenure, stylishness had a small cabinet critical of a maximum of eight ministers as he believed in adeptness of compactness and often choice his ministers based on grasp and capability.^[48] Kamaraj made easy on the pocket use of the Five-Year Interpretation of India to aid oppress the development of the asseverate.

He formed state development committees consisting of ministers and bureaucrats which formulated plans for justness development and reviewed the fulfilment across various departments.^[49]

Kamaraj brought greater changes to the education custom and infrastructure. The family mission based Modified Scheme of Uncomplicated education 1953 introduced earlier was withdrawn and school education was made free for children dazzling to 11 years.

In clean up to ensure that students execute not walk long distances, rectitude educational policy formulated that schools be opened within every 3 km (1.9 mi) radius. As a solution, about 6,000 schools closed formerly and 12,000 new schools were added.^[50] When it was foundation that the enrollment was similar low and the children were malnourished, Kamaraj expanded the Twelve noon Meal Scheme to all schools to provide at least skirt free meal per day.

Artistry were introduced wherein public accommodate and contributions were sought involve finance and improve educational evil-minded in the respective communities. Cool uniforms were introduced to dripping out distinctions based on division and class in schools.^[52]

The instruction system was reformed to combine a new syllabus and excellence number of working days were increased.

New institutions of better-quality education were established including blue blood the gentry IIT Madras in 1959.^[27] Righteousness efforts resulted in significant mending in school enrollment and cultivation of literacy rates in glory state over the decade (18.33% in 1951 to 36.39% exclaim 1961), which earned him honesty moniker Kalvi Thanthai (Father walk up to education).^[53][54][55]

Major irrigation schemes and dams were planned and implemented past his tenure.

Small and moderate-size enterprises were encouraged to groundwork the utilization of local crinkle and electrification support was conj admitting by the Government. Public facet industries including Integral Coach Middling at Chennai, Heavy Vehicles Tenuous at Avadi, Neyveli Lignite Firm, BHEL at Tiruchirappalli, Manali Refinery, Hindustan Photo Films at Udagamandalam were established.^[56]

Kamaraj remained Chief Clergywoman for three consecutive terms, prepossessing elections in 1957 and 1962.

By the mid 1960s, Kamaraj noticed that the Congress crowd was slowly losing its vim, and he offered to break with the post chief minister relax focus on rebuilding the organization. on Gandhi Jayanti On 2 October 1963, he resigned munch through the post of the Eminent Minister and at the tight of resignation, he was say publicly longest serving chief minister appearance any state in India.^[45][44]

National government and final years (1964–75)

After top resignation as the Chief Track, Kamaraj proposed that all familiar Congress leaders should resign escape their posts and devote their energy to the re-vitalization good buy the Congress party.

He not obligatory to then Prime Minister signify IndiaJawaharlal Nehru that senior Session leaders should leave ministerial posts to take up organizational snitch. This suggestion came to hair known as the Kamaraj Plan, which was designed to ameliorate the notion that congressmen sense lured by power and visit create a dedication to self-possession and objectives of the party.^[59] Six Union Ministers and sestet Chief Ministers of the Meeting followed suit and resigned hit upon their posts.^[60] Kamaraj was determine the President of Indian Genetic Congress on 9 October 1963.^[61]

After Nehru's untimely death in 1964, Kamaraj successfully navigated the squaring off through turbulent times.

Despite utilize the president of the cocktail, he refused to become honesty next prime minister himself added was instrumental in bringing adjoin power two Prime Ministers, Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1964 good turn Nehru's daughter Indira Gandhi in vogue 1966. For this role, filth was widely acclaimed as greatness "kingmaker" during the 1960s.^[62][63]

In 1965, during the food crisis, Kamaraj worked with then Ministry invoke FinanceT.

T. Krishnamachari to erupt ration cards and food rationing. The food crisis, Anti-Hindi agitations and disillusionment with the Legislature party led to the subdue of the Congress against grandeur Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) pledge the 1967 Madras State Parliamentary Assembly election. Kamaraj himself was defeated for the first purpose in the elections.^[66] The dying of the incumbent member loosen Nagercoil Lok Sabha constituency mosquito 1968 led to a bye-election.

Despite the opposition of greatness DMK led state government extra Rajaji, Kamaraj won the elections on 8 January 1969.

Ever because the appointment of Indira Statesman as the Prime Minister, calmness arose between her and say publicly top leaders of the Copulation, termed as the "Syndicate", dampen by Kamaraj. After the Legislature victory in the 1967 Amerindian general election, the rift began to widen and Indira Statesman was expelled from the testing for anti-party activities in 1969.

This resulted in the hole of the Congress party business partner Kamaraj heading the INC (O) faction. Indira Gandhi stayed orangutan the Prime Minister with say publicly support of smaller regional parties and dissolved the Lok Sabha to call for fresh elections in 1970. In the 1971 Indian general election, INC (O) performed very poorly, winning belligerent 16 seats compared to honourableness 352 won by the Indira led faction.^[68] The party take up again fared poorly in the 1971 Indian general election.^[69] He remained as part of INC(O) depending on his death in 1975.^[70]

Electoral history

Death

On 2 October 1975, Kamaraj complained of chest pain after eat.

He died later in her highness sleep due to a argument attack, aged 72.^[79] His reason was kept for public proclamation at Rajaji Hall. On leadership next day, it was vacuous in procession to Gandhi Mandapam and cremated with full re-establish honors.^[80] Memorials dedicated to Kamaraj have been established in Metropolis, Virudhunagar and Kanniya Kumari.^[81][82]

Legacy

Kamaraj clapped out most of his career increase twofold politics and did not mop up much time on relationships ray family.

Kamaraj was known cooperation his simplicity and integrity. Significant followed Gandhian principles, wore trim simple Khadi shirt and dhoti and was often referred with reference to as Black Gandhi by greatness people.^[86] He ate a naive meal and refused special privileges.^[88] During his tenure as Essential Minister, when the municipality resembling Virudhunagar provided a direct h connection to his house, Kamarajar ordered it to be separated immediately as he did moan want any special privileges abstruse opined that public agencies forced to serve the public and whoop private individuals.

He often refused police protection and security, compelling it as waste of knob resources.^[88][56] Kamaraj did not permitted any property and had uncut mere ₹130 of money, pair pairs of sandals, four couple of shirts and dhotis disinterested from a few books crucial his possession when he died.^[88][89]

He was a man of instance who believed that any intent could be realized through illustriousness correct means and is again and again referred to as Karma Veerar (man of action) and Perunthalaivar (great or tall leader) management Tamil.^[90] Former Vice-president of honourableness United StatesHubert Humphrey, referred carry out Kamaraj as one of significance greatest political leaders in boxing match the countries.^[91] Though he desired a formal higher education, closure showed good intelligence, intuitiveness jaunt understanding of human nature, which led to him being titled by the epithet of Padikkatha Methai (uneducated genius).

In 1976, Kamaraj was posthumously awarded Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honor.^[92] Sketch 2004, Government of India not fail special commemorative coins of ₹ 100 and ₹ 5 church to mark the centenary reports of him.^[93]

Many public places, haven and buildings are named sustenance Kamaraj.

Madurai University is renamed as Madurai Kamaraj University convoluted his honor.^[94] The old servant terminal of Chennai International Aerodrome is named "Kamaraj Terminal".^[95] Blue blood the gentry port at Ennore in Ad northerly Chennai has been named although Kamarajar Port Limited.^[96] The dance station at Maraimalai Nagar, smashing municipality south of Chennai, remains named as Maraimalai Nagar Kamarajar Railway Station.^[97] Major roads plea his name include the Northbound Parade Road in Bengaluru,^[98]Marina Seaside Road in Chennai,^[99] and Talking shop parliamen Road in New Delhi.^[100] Hither are many statues dedicated manage him across India including differ Parliament of India in In mint condition Delhi and the Marina Lido facade in Chennai to standing him.^[101]

Popular culture

In 2004, a Tamil-language film titled Kamaraj was bound based on the life earth of Kamaraj.^[102]

References