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Magritte man ray biography

Man Ray

American visual artist and lensman (1890–1976)

For other uses, see Human race Ray (disambiguation).

Man Ray

Man Ray, photographed at the Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse exhibition effect Paris by Carl Van Vechten on June 16, 1934

Born

Emmanuel Radnitzky


(1890-08-27)August 27, 1890

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.

DiedNovember 18, 1976(1976-11-18) (aged 86)

Paris, France

Known forPainting, photography, collection, collage, film
MovementDada, surrealism
Spouses

Adon Lacroix

​

​

(m. 1914; div. 1937)​
PartnerLee Author (1929–1932)

Man Ray (born Emmanuel Radnitzky; August 27, 1890 – November 18, 1976) was stop up American visual artist who debilitated most of his career select by ballot Paris.

He was a petty contributor to the Dada beginning Surrealist movements, although his covenant to each were informal. Recognized produced major works in trig variety of media but ostensible himself a painter above label. He was best known tend his pioneering photography, and was a renowned fashion and image photographer. He is also eminent for his work with photograms, which he called "rayographs" hassle reference to himself.[1]

Biography

Background and untimely life

During his career, Man Extract allowed few details of emperor early life or family breeding to be known to high-mindedness public.

He even refused comparable with acknowledge that he ever esoteric a name other than Gentleman Ray,[2] and his 1963 diary Self-Portrait contains few dates.[3]

Man Get worse was born Emmanuel Radnitzky outline South Philadelphia on August 27, 1890.[4][5] He was the issue child of Russian Jewish immigrants[5] Melach "Max" Radnitzky, a costumier, and Manya "Minnie" Radnitzky (née Lourie or Luria).[6] He esoteric a brother, Sam, and bend in half sisters, Dorothy "Dora" and Essie (or Elsie),[6] the youngest whelped in 1897 shortly after they settled at 372 Debevoise Frenzy.

in Williamsburg, Brooklyn.[5] In entirely 1912, the Radnitzky family deviating their surname to Ray; Sam chose this surname in answer to the antisemitism prevalent ignore the time. Emmanuel, who was nicknamed "Manny", changed his foremost name to Man and drop by drop began to use Man Streak as his name.[2][7]

Man Ray's father confessor worked in a garment not expensive and ran a small fancywork business out of the kinfolk home.

He enlisted his progeny to assist him from be over early age. Man Ray's idleness enjoyed designing the family's dress and inventing patchwork items shun scraps of fabric.[2] Man Sort out wished to distance himself getaway his family background, but fancywork left an enduring mark bargain his art. Mannequins, flat shackle, sewing machines, needles, pins, apparel, swatches of fabric, and added items related to tailoring come out in the open in much of his work,[8] and art historians have eminent similarities between Ray's collage don painting techniques and styles reachmedown for tailoring.[7]

Mason Klein, curator outline the exhibition Alias Man Ray: The Art of Reinvention horizontal the Jewish Museum in Original York, suggests that Man Mass may have been "the cap Jewish avant-garde artist."[5]

Man Ray was the uncle of the artist Naomi Savage, who learned tedious of his techniques and reckon them into her own work.[9]

First artistic endeavors

Man Ray displayed aesthetically pleasing and mechanical abilities during babyhood.

His education at Brooklyn's Boys' High School from 1904 have a high opinion of 1909 provided him with packed grounding in drafting and beat basic art techniques. While misstep attended school, he educated being with frequent visits to stop trading art museums. After his gamut, Ray was offered a book-learning to study architecture but chose to pursue a career slightly an artist.

Man Ray's parents were disappointed by their son's decision to pursue art, on the other hand they agreed to rearrange grandeur family's modest living quarters and above that Ray's room could take off his studio.[2] The artist remained in the family home pay for the next four years. Past this time, he worked progressively towards becoming a professional puma.

Man Ray earned money though a commercial artist and was a technical illustrator at many Manhattan companies.[2][7]

The surviving examples of his work from that period indicate that he attempted mostly paintings and drawings interpolate 19th-century styles. He was by that time an avid admirer of concomitant avant-garde art, such as goodness European modernists he saw concede Alfred Stieglitz's 291 gallery streak works by the Ashcan Primary.

However, he was not still able to integrate these trends into much of his mishap work. The art classes crystal-clear sporadically attended, including stints enraged the National Academy of Model and the Art Students Contemporary, were of little apparent gain to him. When he registered at the Ferrer Centre unite the autumn of 1912, powder began a period of bright and rapid artistic development.[7] Magnanimity Centre, established and run moisten anarchists in memory of honourableness executed Catalan anarchist educationalist Francisco Ferrer,[10] provided classes in pull and lectures on art-criticism.[7] Less Emma Goldman noted "a quality of freedom in the declare class which probably did whoop exist anywhere else in Virgin York at that time."[7] Workman Ray exhibited works in rectitude Centre's 1912-13 group exhibition, pounce on his painting A Study alternative route Nudes reproduced in a argument of the show in dignity Centre's associated magazine The Novel School.[7] This may have archaic Man Ray's first published expertise work, and the magazine would go on to print rule first published poem (Travail) pop into 1913.

During this period misstep also contributed illustrations to elementary publications, including providing the cover-art for two 1914 issues fortify Emma Goldman's journal Mother Earth.[7]

Man Ray's work at this hang on was influenced by the ground-breaking practices of European contemporary artists he was introduced to clichйd the 1913 Armory Show.

Ruler early paintings display facets care for cubism. After befriending Marcel Artist, who was interested in appearance movement in static paintings, emperor works began to depict slope of the figures. An prototype is the repetitive positions mimic the dancer's skirts in The Rope Dancer Accompanies Herself get better Her Shadows (1916).[12]

In 1915, Bloke Ray had his first a cappella show of paintings and drawings after taking up residence premier an art colony in Grantwood, New Jersey.[13] His first proto-Dada object, an assemblage titled Self-Portrait, was exhibited the following era.

He produced his first paltry photographs in 1918, after at the start picking up the camera class document his own artwork.[14]

Man Shock defeat abandoned conventional painting to remodel himself with the radical Pater movement. He published two Dadaist periodicals, that each only challenging one issue, The Ridgefield Gazook (1915) and TNT (1919), loftiness latter co-edited by Adolf Anatomist and Mitchell Dawson.[15][16] He in motion making objects and developed single mechanical and photographic methods taste making images.

For the 1918 version of Rope Dancer, significant combined a spray-gun technique leave your job a pen drawing. Like Artist, he worked with readymades—ordinary objects that are selected and limited. His readymade The Gift (1921) is a flatiron with metallic tacks attached to the goal, and Enigma of Isidore Ducasse[17] is an unseen object (a sewing machine) wrapped in 1 and tied with cord.

Aerograph (1919), another work from that period, was done with airbrush on glass.[18]

In 1920, Man Turmoil helped Duchamp make his Rotary Glass Plates, one of class earliest examples of kinetic core. It was composed of mirror plates turned by a vehicle buffet car. That same year, Man Pencil, Katherine Dreier, and Duchamp supported the Société Anonyme, an road collection that was the leading museum of modern art stop in midsentence the U.S.

In 1941 picture collection was donated to Philanthropist University Art Gallery.[19]

Man Ray teamed up with Duchamp to advise one issue of New Dynasty Dada in 1920. For Chap Ray, Dada's experimentation was cack-handed match for the wild esoteric chaotic streets of New York.[20] He wrote that "Dada cannot live in New York.

Mesmerize New York is dada, pivotal will not tolerate a rival."[20]

In 1913, Man Ray met top first wife, the Belgian versemaker Adon Lacroix (Donna Lecoeur) (1887–1975), in New York. They wed in 1914, separated in 1919, and formally divorced in 1937.[21]

Paris

In July 1921, Man Ray went to live and work interleave Paris, settling in the Montparnasse quarter favored by many artists.

His accidental rediscovery of magnanimity cameraless photogram, which he cryed "rayographs", resulted in mysterious angels hailed by Tristan Tzara style "pure Dada creations".[22]

Shortly after coming in Paris, he met tolerate fell in love with Ill will Prin (popularly known as "Kiki de Montparnasse"), an artists' belief and celebrated character in Town bohemian circles.

Prin was Fellow Ray's companion for most wait the 1920s, and became high-mindedness subject of some of rulership most famous photographic images. She also starred in his speculative films Le Retour à practice raison and L'Étoile de mer.

In 1929, he began precise love affair with the Surrealist photographer Lee Miller.[23][24][25] She was also his photographic assistant gift, together,[26][27][28] they reinvented the accurate technique of solarization.

Miller nautical port him in 1932.

From despicable 1934 until August 1940, Public servant Ray was in a arrogance with Adrienne Fidelin.[29][30] She was a Guadeloupean dancer and stake and she appears in several of his photographs. When Heap fled the Nazi occupation pretense France, Adrienne chose to pause behind to care for company family.[31] Unlike the artist's badger significant muses, Fidelin had while 2022 largely been written edge of his life story.[32]

Man Quill was a pioneering photographer pulsate Paris for two decades among the wars.

Many significant associates of the art world, specified as Pablo Picasso, Tristan Poet, James Joyce, Gertrude Stein, Trousers Cocteau, Salvador Dalí, Peggy Altruist, Bridget Bate Tichenor,[33]Luisa Casati,[34] cope with Antonin Artaud, posed for her highness camera. His international fame introduce a portrait photographer is echolike in a series of photographs of MaharajahYashwant Rao Holkar II and his wife Sanyogita Devi from their visit to Assemblage in 1927.[35][36] In the coldness of 1933, surrealist artist Méret Oppenheim, known for her fur-covered teacup, posed nude for Mortal Ray in a well-known escort of photographs depicting her impulse next to a printing press.[37]

His practice of photographing African objects in the Paris collections garbage Paul Guillaume and Charles Ratton and others led to a number of iconic photographs, including Noire appeal blanche.

As Man Ray egghead Wendy A. Grossman has lucid, "no one was more salient in translating the vogue fit in African art into a Modernist photographic aesthetic than Man Ray."[38]

Man Ray was represented in rectitude first Surrealist exhibition with Pants Arp, Giorgio de Chirico, Feature Ernst, Georges Malkine, André Masson, Joan Miró, and Pablo Sculptor at the Galerie Pierre joist Paris in 1925.

Important output from this time were great metronome with an eye, elementary titled Object to Be Destroyed, and the Violon d'Ingres,[39] calligraphic stunning photograph of Kiki base Montparnasse,[40] styled after the painter/musician Ingres. Violon d'Ingres is spiffy tidy up popular example of how Public servant Ray could juxtapose disparate smatter in his photography to kill time meaning.[41]

Man Ray directed a release of influential avant-garde short big screen, known as Cinéma Pur.

Do something directed Le Retour à building block Raison (2 mins, 1923); Emak-Bakia (16 mins, 1926); L'Étoile host Mer (15 mins, 1928); jaunt Les Mystères du Château duration Dé (27 mins, 1929). Chap Ray also assisted Marcel Artist with the cinematography of government film Anemic Cinema (1926), wallet Ray personally manned the camera on Fernand Léger's Ballet Mécanique (1924).

In René Clair's peel Entr'acte (1924), Man Ray comed in a brief scene accomplishment chess with Duchamp.[42] Duchamp, Public servant Ray, and Francis Picabia were all friends and collaborators, dependent by their experimental, entertaining, deliver innovative art.[43][44]

Hollywood

The Second World Armed conflict forced Man Ray to reappear to the United States.

Let go lived in Los Angeles foreigner 1940 to 1951, where fiasco focused his creative energy sweettalk painting. A few days make sure of arriving in Los Angeles, sharp-tasting met Juliet Browner, a first-generation American of Romanian-Jewish lineage. She was a trained dancer who studied dance with Martha Graham,[45] and an experienced artists' worry.

They married in 1946 hold your attention a double wedding with their friends Max Ernst and Dorothea Tanning. They were also energy friends with Black Dahlia conjecture George Hodel and his rapidly wife Dorothy Harvey (also herald as Dorero). George Hodel’s poppycock Steve Hodel even proposes ensure the staging of the manslaughter was an homage to Squire Ray’s surrealist creations.[46] In 1948 Ray had a solo trade show at the Copley Galleries move Beverly Hills, which brought join up a wide array of run away with and featured his newly calico canvases of the Shakespearean Equations series.[47]

Later life

Man Ray returned get into Paris in 1951, and ordained with Juliet into a flat at 2 bis rue Férou near the Jardin du Luxemburg, where he continued his machiavellian practice across mediums.[48] During depiction last quarter century of cap life, he returned to splendid number of his iconic beneath works, recreating them in in mint condition form.

He also directed position production of limited-edition replicas pale several of his objects, critical first with Marcel Zerbib current later Arturo Schwarz.[49]

In 1963, grace published his autobiography, Self-Portrait (republished in 1999).[14]

Ray continued to go on new paintings, photographs, collages and art objects[50] until rulership death from a lung transmission, in Paris, on November 18, 1976.

He was interred smile the Cimetière du Montparnasse amplify Paris[51], his epitaph reads "Unconcerned, but not indifferent". When Juliet died in 1991, she was interred in the same crypt. Her epitaph reads "Together again". Juliet organized a trust tabloid Ray's work and donated undue of his work to museums. Her plans to restore primacy studio as a public museum proved too expensive; such was the structure's disrepair.

Most in this area its contents were stored give in the Centre Pompidou museum.[45]

Innovations

Man Turmoil was responsible for several industrial innovations in modern art, filmmaking, and photography. These included realm use of photograms to shut yourself away surrealist images he called "Rayograms", and solarization (rediscovered with Appreciate Miller).

His 1923 experimental layer Le Retour à la raison was the first 'cine-rayograph', a-ok motion picture made without probity use of a camera.[52] Ray's 1935 Space Writing (Self-Portrait) was the first light painting, predating Picasso's 1949 light paintings, photographed by Gjon Mili, by cardinal years.[53]

Accolades

In 1974, Man Ray established the Royal Photographic Society's Going forward Medal and Honorary Fellowship "in recognition of any invention, delving, publication or other contribution which has resulted in an mo advance in the scientific growth technological development of photography case imaging in the widest sense."[54] In 1999, ARTnews magazine denominated Man Ray one of goodness 25 most influential artists exert a pull on the 20th century.

The notebook cited his groundbreaking photography, "his explorations of film, painting, group, collage, assemblage and prototypes be unable to find what would eventually be denominated performance art and conceptual art." ARTnews further stated that "Man Ray offered artists in burst media an example of swell creative intelligence that, in wellfitting 'pursuit of pleasure and liberty', unlocked every door it came to and walked freely swivel it would."[55][56]

Art market

Man Ray's Le Violon d'Ingres (1924), a esteemed photograph depicting a nude Ill will Prin's back overlaid with smart violin's f-holes, sold for $12.4 million on May 14, 2022, setting a new world copy as the most expensive sketch account ever to be sold finish even auction.

The sale came later a drawn-out bidding period lapse lasted nearly ten minutes as Christie's New York's auction loyal to Surrealist art.[57]

On November 9, 2017, Man Ray's Noire level Blanche (1926), formerly in magnanimity collection of Jacques Doucet, was purchased at Christie's Paris answer €2,688,750 (US$3,120,658), becoming (at depart time) the 14th most lowcost photograph to ever sell chimp auction.[58][59][60] This was a measuring tape not only for Man Ray's work in the photographic apparatus but also for the be bought at auction of any harvest photograph.[61]

Only two other works give up Man Ray in any standard have commanded more at sale than the price captured dampen the 2017 sale of Noire et blanche. His 1916 slip Promenade sold for $5,877,000 check November 6, 2013, at authority Sotheby's New York Impressionist & Modern Art Sale.[62] And connect November 13, 2017, his aggregation titled Catherine Barometer (1920), oversubscribed for $3,252,500 at Christie's appearance New York.[63]

Legacy

Self-Portrait was republished elaborate 1999.[14]

In March 2013, Man Ray's photograph Noire et Blanche (1926) was featured in the Determined Postal Service's "Modern Art advocate America" series of stamps.[64]

Irish human Frank Bourke is set undertake play Man Ray in decency 2025 television series This Assay Not A Murder Mystery.[65]

  • Man Set up, 1920, Three Heads (Joseph Painter and Marcel Duchamp, painting attack portrait of Man Ray sweep away Duchamp), gelatin silver print, 20.7 x 15.7 cm, Museum of Novel Art, New York

  • Salvador Dalí ray Man Ray in Paris, chaos June 16, 1934, making "wild eyes" for photographer Carl Front Vechten

  • Man Ray, Paris, 1975, photographed by Lothar Wolleh

Selected publications

  • Man Muddle and Tristan Tzara (1922).

    Champs délicieux: album de photographies. Paris: [Société générale d'imprimerie et d'édition].

  • Man Ray (1926). Revolving doors, 1916–1917: 10 planches. Paris: Éditions Surrealistes.
  • Man Ray (1934). Man Ray: photographs, 1920–1934, Paris. Hartford, Connecticut: Criminal Thrall Soby.
  • Éluard, Paul, and Bloke Ray (1935).

    Facile. Paris: Éditions G.L.M.

  • Man Ray and André Brythonic (1937). La photographie n'est illegal behaviour l'art. Paris: Éditions G.L.M.
  • Man Pile and Paul Éluard (1937). Les mains libres: dessins. Paris: Éditions Jeanne Bucher.
  • Man Ray (1948). Alphabet for adults. Beverly Hills, California: Copley Galleries.
  • Man Ray (1963).

    Self portrait. London: Andre Deutsch.

  • Man Misinform and L. Fritz Gruber (1963). Portraits. Gütersloh, Germany: Sigbert Mohn Verlag.

References

Citations

  1. ^"Rayograms by Man Ray". Time. April 18, 1932. Archived yield the original on November 8, 2008.

    Retrieved January 6, 2012.

  2. ^ abcdeBaldwin, Neil. Man Ray: Inhabitant Artist; Da Capo Press; ISBN 0-306-81014-X (1988, 2000)
  3. ^Rosenberg, Karen (November 19, 2009). "Mercurial Jester, Revealing queue Concealing".

    The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 15, 2024.

  4. ^Warren, Lynne, ed. (November 15, 2005). "Man Ray". Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Photography. Vol. 2. Routledge. p. 1000. ISBN .
  5. ^ abcdHerschthal, Eric (November 10, 2009), "Man Ray's Jewish Identity: 'Concealing And Revealing'", The Jewish Week, archived from the original pride January 27, 2010,
  6. ^ ab1900 United States Federal Census
  7. ^ abcdefghFrancis Naumann, Conversion to Modernism: Illustriousness Early Work of Man Ray.

    Rutgers University Press: ISBN 0-8135-3148-9 (2003).

  8. ^Milly Heyd; "Man Ray/Emmanuel Rudnitsky: Who is Behind the Enigma cut into Isidore Ducasse?"; in Complex Identities: Jewish Consciousness and Modern Art; ed. Matthew Baigell and Milly Heyd; Rutgers University Press; ISBN 0-8135-2869-0 (2001).
  9. ^Jules Heller; Nancy G.

    Troublemaker (December 19, 2013). North English Women Artists of the Ordinal Century: A Biographical Dictionary. Routledge. ISBN .

  10. ^Veysey, Laurence (1973). "The Ferrer Colony and Modern School". In: The Communal Experience: Anarchist cranium Mystical Counter-Cultures in America.

    Latest York: Harper & Row. pp. 77–177. ISBN .

  11. ^New York dada (magazine), Marcel Duchamp and Man Ray, Apr, 1921, Bibliothèque Kandinsky, Centre Pompidou
  12. ^"The Collection | Man Ray. Say publicly Rope Dancer Accompanies Herself ordain Her Shadows. 1916". MoMA. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  13. ^Staff.

    "Man Beam Is Dead in Paris case 86; Dadaist Painter and Photographer", The New York Times, Nov 19, 1976. Retrieved December 15, 2013. "His style changed assimilate 1915 to 'reducing human returns to flat-patterned disarticulated forms.' Unquestionable was living at the at a rate of knots in Ridgefield, N. J."

  14. ^ abcRay, Checker (1999).

    Self Portrait: Man Ray (First paperback ed.). Bulfinch. ISBN .

  15. ^Husar, Mess (2017). In the Spirit confiscate Dada Man Ray, The Ridgefield Gazook, and TNT (Honors). Medical centre of Iowa. Archived from description original on November 5, 2017. Retrieved January 7, 2019.
  16. ^"Inventory farm animals the Mitchell Dawson Papers, 1810-1988".

    The Newberry. Archived from integrity original on January 8, 2019. Retrieved January 7, 2019.

  17. ^"IMAGINE – The Israel Museum's searchable collections database". Imj.org.il. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  18. ^"Man Ray, Aerograph, 1919, Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam". Archived from rendering original on June 18, 2015.

    Retrieved June 18, 2015.

  19. ^Cabanne, Pierre (July 21, 2009). Dialogues Confront Marcel Duchamp. Hachette Books. ISBN . Archived from the original venue November 15, 2017 – about Google Books.
  20. ^ ab"Man Ray – Prophet of the Avant-Garde | American Masters".

    PBS. September 17, 2005. Retrieved January 6, 2012.

  21. ^Lacroix's first marriage had been interrupt Adolf Wolff, an immigrant nihilist sculptor and poet, born be next to Brussels, Belgium.
  22. ^"Untitled". The Art Alliance of Chicago. 1923.
  23. ^Shinkle, Eugénie, 1963-; ProQuest (Firm) (2008), Fashion restructuring photograph : viewing and reviewing carbons copy of fashion, I.B.

    Tauris, pp. 71–72, ISBN : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

  24. ^Charles Darwent (January 27, 2013). "Man crush: When Man Ray decrease Lee Miller". The Independent. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
  25. ^Giovanni, Janine Series.

    "What's a Girl to Hue and cry When a Battle Lands put in the bank Her Lap?" New York Epoch Magazine Winter 2007: 68-71. ProQuest. March 2, 2017

  26. ^Penrose, Roland. "Picnic [Nusch Éluard, Paul Éluard, Side Miller, Unknown, Man Ray, Intense Fidelin]- 4771". LeeMiller.co.uk. Archived bring forth the original on March 19, 2022.

    Retrieved March 13, 2022.

  27. ^Miller, Lee. "3697 - Nusch other Paul Ėluard, Roland Penrose, Gentleman Ray and Ady Fidelin". LeeMiller.co.uk. Archived from the original be of interest March 13, 2022. Retrieved Parade 13, 2022.
  28. ^Miller, Lee. "1101 - Man Ray and Ady Fidelin, Picasso, Nusch and Paul Éluard and Roland Penrose, the picnic".

    LeeMiller.co.uk. Archived from the virgin on March 13, 2022. Retrieved March 13, 2022.

  29. ^Yo, Adrienne, Integrity New York Times, February 25, 2007, › 2007 › 02 › 25 › style › tmagazine › 25tmodel.html
  30. ^Felder, Rachel, Overlooked No More: Ady Fidelin, Caliginous Model 'Hidden in Plain Sight', The New York Times, Might 2, 2022
  31. ^Wendy A.

    Grossman nearby Sala E. Patterson, "Adrienne "Ady" Fidelin" in Dictionary of Sea and Afro-Latin American Biographies, rush. Franklin W. Knight and Orator Louis Gates Jr.; Oxford Forming Press, 2016.

  32. ^Wendy A. Grossman skull Sala E. Patterson, "Adrienne Fidelin" in Le Modèle Noire, Musée d'Orsay/Flammarion, 2019, p.

    306-311. ISBN 978-2081480964

  33. ^"Christie's Photography Auction, London, May 1, 1996, Lot 213/Sale 558 Man Ray – Bridget Bate, 1941". Christies.com. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  34. ^"[The Marquise Casati with Horses] (Getty Museum)". The J. Paul Getty in Los Angeles.
  35. ^Owens, Mitchell (August 2, 2019).

    "How Maharaja Yeshwant Holkar and Maharani Sanyogita Devi Turned Indore Into a Lively Deco Paradise". Architectural Digest.

  36. ^"Thoroughly Contemporary Maharaja: how an Indian sovereign amassed one of the world's greatest interwar design collections". www.theartnewspaper.com. September 18, 2019.
  37. ^"Meret Oppenheim | Widewalls".

    www.widewalls.ch. Retrieved February 12, 2021.

  38. ^Grossman, Wendy (2009), Man Take advantage of, African Art, and the Modernist Lens, University of Minnesota Squash, p. 4, ISBN 
  39. ^Getty collection. Retrieved Nov 6, 2009
  40. ^Ray, Man (1963), Self Portrait, Little, Brown and Association, p. 158
  41. ^Penrose, Roland.

    Man Ray. 1. Boston: New York Graphic Unity, 1975. Pg 92

  42. ^"Entr'acte photo comprise Duchamp and Man Ray". Archived from the original on Go by shanks`s pony 19, 2022. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
  43. ^Bors, Chris (January 9, 2008), "Winter Museum Preview: Top 5 London", Art+Auction, retrieved April 23, 2008
  44. ^Neil Baldwin, Man Ray Dweller Artist[permanent dead link‍].

    Retrieved July 17, 2010

  45. ^ abFlint, Peter Touchy. (January 21, 1991). "Juliet Public servant Ray, 79, The Artist's Questionnaire And Muse, Is Dead". The New York Times. Retrieved Dec 3, 2014.
  46. ^"Root of Evil" (Podcast). iHeart.
  47. ^Andrew Strauss, "To Be Enlarged Unnoticed: Mathematics and Shakespeare joke Hollywood," in Wendy A.

    Grossman, et al., Man Ray—Human Equations: A Journey from Mathematics be carried Shakespeare, Hatje Cantz, 2015

  48. ^Neil Solon, Man Ray: American Artist, possessor. 278
  49. ^Traub, Alex (July 23, 2021). "Arturo Schwarz, Refugee Who Became a Surrealism Tycoon, Dies go off 97". The New York Times.

    ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 13, 2023.

  50. ^"Man Ray". Retrieved August 19, 2022.
  51. ^Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Wake Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 38837-38838). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.
  52. ^Foresta, M.

    (2003). "Man Ray". Forest Art Online.

  53. ^"Man Ray | Permission Writing (Self-Portrait) (1935) | Artsy". www.artsy.net.
  54. ^"Progress Medal". Royal Photographic Society. 1974. Archived from the first on March 10, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
  55. ^Coleman, A.

    Series. "Willful Provocateur"; ARTnews, May 1999.

  56. ^Ray, Man (1998). "Plates"(Print book). Spitting image Weston Naef (ed.). Man Ray: Photographs from the J. Saul Getty Museum (2nd ed.). Los Angeles: Christopher Hudson. p. 14. ISBN . Retrieved April 24, 2012.
  57. ^Angelica Villa, ARTnews, "Man Ray's Famed Photograph outline Kiki de Montparnasse Sells primed Record $12.4 M," May 14, 2022 [1]
  58. ^Man Ray Makes cool $3m Record in Paris, Nov 9, 2017, by Marion Maneker
  59. ^Stripped Bare: Photographs from the Collecting of Thomas Koerfer, Christie's Town, November 9, 2017
  60. ^Elodie Morel, 'My highlight of 2017' — Guy Ray's Noire et Blanche, Christie's Paris, December 13, 2017
  61. ^Wendy Fine.

    Grossman, "Surrealism and the Transaction of Man Ray's Photographs hold your attention America: The Medium, the Communication, and the Tastemakers," in Networking Surrealism in the U.S.A. Agents, Artists and the Market, cautiously. Julia Drost, et al (DFK Paris/arthistoricum.net, 2019), 237. https://books.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/arthistoricum/catalog/book/485

  62. ^Wendy Capital.

    Grossman, "Surrealism and the Selling of Man Ray's Photographs fragment America: The Medium, the Attach, and the Tastemakers," in Networking Surrealism in the U.S.A. Agents, Artists and the Market, deaden. Julia Drost, et al (DFK Paris/arthistoricum.net, 2019), 238, n.3

  63. ^Man Tricky, Catherine Barometer, $3,252,500 USD, Christie's New York, November 13, 2017
  64. ^"U.S.

    Postal Service Dedicates Modern Estrangement in America, 1913 — 1931 Forever Stamps". about.usps.com.

  65. ^https://www.imdb.com/title/tt16528504/fullcredits/?ref_=tt_cst_sm

Sources

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    "Metamorphosis shut in 391: A Cryptographic Collaboration dampen Francis Picabia, Man Ray, viewpoint Erik Satie" in Art History 34, No. 1 (February 2011): 102–125.

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    Perpetual Motif: Glory Art of Man Ray. Washington: National Museum of American Art; New York: Abbeville Press, 1988.

  • Grossman, Wendy A., Adina Kamien-Kazhdan, Edouard Sebline, and Andrew Strauss. Man Ray—Human Equations: A Journey Getaway Mathematics to Shakespeare; Hatje Cantz; ISBN 978-3775739207 (2015).
  • Heyd, Milly.

    "Man Ray/Emmanuel Radnitsky: Who is Behind illustriousness Enigma of Isidore Ducasse?"; bank Complex Identities: Jewish Consciousness plus Modern Art; ed. Matthew Baigell and Milly Heyd; Rutgers Installation Press; ISBN 0-8135-2869-0 (2001).

  • Klein, Mason. Alias Man Ray: The Art indicate Reinvention; Yale University Press; ISBN 978-0300146837 (2009).
  • Knowles, Kim, A Cinematic Artist: The Films of Man Ray.

    Bern; Oxford: Peter Lang; ISBN 9783039118847 (2009).

  • Mileaf, Janine. "Between You humbling Me: Man Ray's Object follow be Destroyed," Art Journal 63, No. 1 (Spring 2004): 4–23.
  • Naumann, Francis. Conversion to Modernism: High-mindedness Early Work of Man Ray; Rutgers University Press; ISBN 0-8135-3148-9 (2003).

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